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http://boinc.berkeley.edu/trac/wiki/BossaIntro
Berkeley Open System for Skill Aggregation (Bossa)
伯克利开放式技能汇聚系统（Bossa）（伯克利开放式人工协助平台？）
Bossa is a software infrastructure for creating projects that use skills or knowledge of large numbers of volunteers, via the Internet, to accomplish a set of tasks. This has been variously termed skill aggregation, distributed thinking, and human computing.
Bossa 是一个提供创建项目的软件平台，通过网络利用众多志愿者的技能和智慧来完成一套任务。这一直有多种叫法，技能汇聚，分布式思想，人力协作计算。
Bossa is designed to accommodate a wide range of tasks. In particular:
Bossa 设计上适合多种任务。尤其是：
* Tasks may be short (performed online via a single web page) or may take several weeks and involve running separate programs.
* 短暂的任务（通过单一网页在线运作）或持续数周并涉及运行单独的程序。
* Tasks may be performed by a single user or by a group of cooperating users.
* 任务可以由一个独立用户完成或者由一组用户相互协作进行。
* Tasks may be unvalidated, automatically validated, or validated by comparing redundant instances.
* 任务可能自动确认是否有效，或者通过比对多组事例进行确认。
Bossa consists of a MySQL database schema and a set of PHP pages. Projects install these components on their server, and add their own PHP scripts to generate, show, and handle tasks. Bossa uses BOINC Basics for grouping and communication, and can use Bolt for volunteer training.
Bossa 由一个 MySQL 数据库和一组 PHP 页面组成。各个项目安装这些组件到他们各自的服务器，并加上各自的 PHP 脚本以生成、显示和处理任务。Bossa 利用 BOINC 的社区功能以供成员编组和交流，并利用 Bolt（Berkeley Open Learning Technology，伯克利开放式科技学习系统）系统对志愿者进行培训。
Bossa is under development. For more information, contact David Anderson. See the reference manual for details of the current implementation.
Bossa 正在开发中，更多的信息可以联系 David Anderson，参考文献手册了解目前的进展。
Abstractions
抽象概念
A Bossa project has one or more skill apps. A skill app has a dynamic set of skill tasks. Each one has an associated set of arguments describing its parameters or input files. Each skill task has a set of task instances. Each one represents a copy of the task, either in progress or completed. Each instance is assigned either to a user or to a team.
一个 Bossa 项目会有一个或多个技能工作程序。一个技能工作程序有一套动态技能任务。每一个任务有一套伴生的参数来描述它的特征或输入文件。每个技能任务都有一套任务实例。无论正在进行或者已完成的都有一个描述任务的副本。每个实例要么分配给一个用户或一个团队。
Skill apps are classified as:
技能应用程序按以下分类：
* Online: the task is performed by a single user, sequentially, in a web browser.
* 在线：任务由单个用户在网页浏览器上按顺序的进行。
* Offline: the task is not online, e.g. because it's potentially handled by a group of users, or requires other asynchronous activity.
* 离线：任务不需要在线进行，例如：由于任务可能是由一组用户，或者要求其他的非同步操作。
An app has an associated URL identifying a script that takes an task ID argument and displays the task instance. The task may consist either of a single web page or a sequence of web pages. In either case the last page in the sequence, when done, should call Bossa API functions to record the completion of the task, and perhaps display another task.
一个应用程序有一个关联的网址识别脚本，以获得任务 ID 参数并显示任务实例。任务既可以是单一网页也可以是一个序列的网页。无论哪种情况，当任务完成，按顺序最后的页面将通知 Bossa 以记录完成的任务，并可能显示另一个任务。
Skill apps are either:
技能任务结果验证：
* Individually validated: the app has a server-side program that examines a completed instance and decides if it's valid.
* 个别验证：由一个服务器端程序检验一个已完成的任务，并决定它是否有效。
* Group validated: the app has a server-side program that examines a group of instances, sees if there's a consensus, and if so constructs a canonical result and marks the instances as valid or invalid.
* 小组验证：由一个服务器端程序检验一组任务，通过观察它们的结果是否一致，并且以此建立一个标准结果来判断已完成的任务是否有效。
A project can configure:
一个项目的配置：
* A maximum number of outstanding offline tasks per user or group
* 对每个用户或团队配置尽可能的的优秀离线任务。
* A maximum number of tasks per day issued per user or group
* 对每个用户或团队每天发送尽可能多的任务。
Volunteer characteristics
志愿者的特徵
For each skill app and each user, Bossa maintains skill estimate, an estimate of the user's skill at that task. This is maintained in the user's project-specific XML document. Normally it's a single number in [0..1], and it's initially zero.
对于执行的任务，Bossa 不断的的对每个技能程序和每个用户进行技能评估。这会保存在项目特定的 XML 文档中。通常是 [0..1] 里面的单一号码，并且初始值为零。
The skill estimated can be computed in any of several ways:
通过以下几个途径对技能进行评估：
* The results of the user's interaction with a Bolt course associated with the skill app.
* 通过用户在 Bolt 课程中伴随技能应用时的结果。
* The user's performance on "calibration tasks" mixed into the stream.
* 通过用户在执行中混入的“测试任务”。
* The fraction of the user's results classified as invalid by redundancy.
* 通过用户部分冗余的无效结果。
Skill estimates are used for two purposes:
技能评估为了两个目的：
* To decide whether to give tasks to a user;
* 以决定是否给予用户任务。
* To decide how many redundant instances of a given task are needed.
* 以决定一项特定的任务需要多少事例。
Implementation
运作
To get work, a user goes to a particular Bossa-supplied page. There he sees a list of skill apps for which tasks are available and for which he is qualified, and links to courses for other apps. Online and offline apps are listed separately. Each app has an estimate of the time or other resources required to complete the task.
用户需要到 Bossa 提供的特定页面获得任务。这是会看到一个技能任务列表，列出了哪些任务正在等候，哪些任务是用户有能力去做的，还有链接到其他技能程序的课程。
Selecting an online app invokes the Bossa scheduler script, which selects a task instance suitable for the user, and redirects to its instance URL.
当用户选择了一个适合自己的在线技能任务，Bossa 将调度脚本并重定向到事例的网址。
Selecting an offline app invokes the Bossa scheduler, which selects a task and redirects to its instance-start URL.
当选择了一个离线任务，Bossa 将调度重定向至事例开始网址。
Team administrators are provided with an interface for getting offline tasks for the team. The scheduler allows a team to get instances only for apps for which some team member has the required skill.
提供给团队管理者一个界面，为团队获取各离线任务。调度程序允许一个团队为各程序和一些具有所需技能的成员只获取事例。
Users and teams are provided with an interface for seeing a list of pending offline tasks. They can indicate that one of them is completed; this takes them to the instance-complete URL for that task.
提供给用户和团队一个界面以列出等待确认的离线任务。可以显示某一他们已经完成的任务；并可以引导他们到完整事例的网址。
Integration with BOINC
整合 BOINC
Some offline tasks may involve computation done through BOINC; i.e. if the task is assigned to a team, the computation is queued in the project's BOINC server and dispatched to members of the team. (Or if the task is assigned to a user with many computers, those computers are used).
一些离线任务可能涉及到需要 BOINC 完成的计算，即如果任务是队列于 BOINC 项目服务器而发送给团队的成员被分派出来。 |
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发表于 2008-1-20 13:21:07
发表于 2008-1-20 16:00:24
