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本帖最后由 昂宿星团人 于 2010-3-13 20:43 编辑
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来源:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing
鹅群维基:http://www.equn.com/wiki/%E5%88% ... F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97
Introduction
The word distributed in terms such as "distributed system", "distributed programming", and "distributed algorithm" originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within some geographical area. The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense, even when referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing.
引言
“分布式的(distributed )”这个词在诸如分布式系统(distributed system)、分布式编程(distributed programming)、分布式运算法则(distributed algorithm)等术语中原本指的是由多台个人计算机物理地分布在一定地理区域中而形成的的计算机网络。这些术语如今被赋予了更加宽泛的意义,甚至可以指代运行在同一台计算机上,并通过传递信息互相影响的几个进程。
While there is no single definition of a distributed system, the following defining properties are commonly used:
*There are several autonomous computational entities, each of which has its own local memory.
*The entities communicate with each other by message passing.
由于分布式系统没有规范的定义,我们可以用一下特性来区别分布式系统:
*有多个自主的计算实体(computational entities),并且各自拥有本地存储器。
*计算实体间通过消息传递进行联系。
In this article, the computational entities are called computers or nodes.
A distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively, each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users.
本文中,计算实体也会被写作“计算机(computers)”或“节点(nodes)”。
一个分布式系统应有一个共同目标,比如解决一个需要大量计算的问题。或者,每台计算机都有其使用者,这些使用者有着各自不同的需求,而分布式系统的目的就是合理调度分享的资源或给用户提供交流服务。
Other typical properties of distributed systems include the following:
*The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers.
*The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, number of computers) is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and *network links, and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program.
*Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know only one part of the input.
另外几个分布式系统的典型特性是:
*系统必须容纳个体计算机返回的错误
*系统的结构(网络拓扑结构、网络延迟、计算机编号等)是不能够预测的,系统可能包含有不同种的计算机和网络连接,并且会在分布式程序进行过程中出现变化。
*每台计算机都只能受限制地观察到不完整的系统。有可能每台计算机都只知道受处理信息的一部分。 |
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