CPDN 第五阶段成果翻译

zglloo

即兴翻译 有错误的 见谅  
http://www.climateprediction.net/science/results_sulphur.php
Initial results from the 5 phase experiment
For an introduction to the 5 phase experiment, click here.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is emitted by fossil fuel combustion and can react with other molecules (OH or hydrogen peroxide), particularly in clouds, to form what is known as sulphate aerosol (particles suspended in the air). This means that the amount of sulphate in the atmosphere is related to the amount of SO2 emissions, but also to the availability of these other molecules, the number of cloud droplets in the air etc.

Since in this experiment we use a model has an interactive sulphur cycle, we can identify how the total amount of sulphate in the atmosphere is affected by changing emissions of sulphur dioxide and/or the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. In the sulphur cycle experiment we double CO2 (phase 3 - top map), change SO2 emissions to those expected for 2050 (phase 4 - middle map) and do a combined experiment of doubled CO2 and 2050 SO2 emissions together (phase 5 - bottom map) to identify the effects of a warmer atmosphere on future sulphate concentrations in the atmosphere.

概论5期实验,点击这里.

二氧化硫( SO2 )所排放的化石燃料燃烧和反应,可与其他分子(氢氧化物或双氧水之类) ,尤其是在云中,以何种形式被称为硫酸盐气溶胶(硫酸盐颗粒) .这意味着数额硫酸盐在大气中的含量有关,所以二氧化硫排排放,但也有上述的其他分子,有多少云滴在空中等.

因为在这个实验中,我们运用一个交互硫进行硫循环的模式,我们可以找出硫酸总额如何影响大气,是受不断变化的二氧化硫的排放量和二氧化碳浓度(二氧化碳) ,在大气层中. 在硫循环实验中,我们双二氧化碳 (第三期-顶图) ,改变以二氧化硫排放者预期2050年(请看4-中部图) ,并做到结合实验一倍, 二氧化碳和2050年使二氧化硫排放在一起(请看5-底部图) ,以找出影响一个温暖的气氛中就今后硫酸盐在大气中的浓度.



Maps (a), (b) and (c) show the total amount of sulphate in the whole depth of the atmosphere (the 'column mean') (in mg m-2) for the doubled CO2 phase (phase 3), the 2050 emissions phase (phase 4) and for the combined 2050 sulphate emissions and doubled CO2 phase (phase 5), averaged over the last 8 years of each phase. The emissions used follow the IPCC A2 scenario (which is the same as 'world 3' in the simplified discussion here) which suggests a very heterogeneous development of the world in to the future, which assumes self reliance and preservation of local identities i.e. a business as usual scenario where developing countries are allowed to develop and developed countries slowly reduce emissions of SO2 with no spread of technologies (see here). The A2 scenario was used as it provides one of the highest sulphur emissions scenarios available.

The first interesting point to look at is in comparing (a) and (b). You can see, that when 2050 SO2 emissions are used instead of present day emissions, the amount of sulphate over the USA and Western Europe is expected to be lower. Emissions of SO2 are expected to decrease in these regions and the figures reflect that.

Emissions increase in the sub-continent and southeast Asia in response to technological development and cause the total amount of sulphate to increase in these regions (and throughout the sub-tropics see fig (b)). There are also increases in the amount of sulphate over South America and Africa, again associated with technological development and increased emissions there. Sulphate particles scatter solar radiation back to space and so reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. Also, as sulphate is highly soluble in water, it makes clouds more reflective, again reducing the the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Both these mechanisms mean that sulphate has a cooling effect. When CO2 is doubled along with the increases in SO2 emissions (phase 5) there is little change in the total amount of sulphate compared to the other phases, indicating that the amount of sulphate the atmosphere is not particularly affected by CO2 increases. This result suggests that in the future, sulphate may still be efficient at reducing some of the warming associated with higher CO2 levels

地图(a),(b及(c)展示总额硫酸在整个深度大气层( '参见图片底部变化度量' ) (2毫克/米 )为一倍, 二氧化碳期(第三期) 2050排放期(第四期) ,并结合2050年硫酸排放量和二氧化碳排放量翻了一番(第五期) ,平均超过了过去8年的每一个阶段.废气采用遵循气候A2情况(这里是关于一些其他国家简单讨论) ,这意味着一个非常庞杂的发展,世界在向未来,即假设自力更生的精神,并维护当地的电学特性.一如常情形容许发展中国家的发展和发达国家慢慢减少排放二氧化碳,没有扩散技术(见这里 ) . 该A2情景用,因为它提供了一个非常高的硫磺排放情景.

第一点有趣的看是比较(a)及(b) . 你可以看到,当2050年以二氧化硫排放用来代替目前每天排放量硫酸超过美国和西欧预计将低于去年. 排放等2预计会减少在这些地区,这些数字反映了这一点.

由于排放量增加,在亚大陆与东南亚对技术的发展和事业总额使得硫酸增加于这些地区(以及整个副热带见图(b) ) . 同时也有数额的硫酸在南美洲和非洲上空,这些与科学技术发展和增加硫排放相关连（这一句怎么也拿不准）. 硫酸盐粒子散射太阳辐射回太空,从而减少太阳辐射量到达地球表面. 同时,由于硫酸盐在水中极易溶解,使更多的云层反光,又减少了太阳辐射量到达地球表面的. 这两种机制意味着硫酸具有冷却温室效应.当二氧化碳含量增加一倍,随之增加二氧化硫排放(第五期)有多大变化,在总量硫酸比起其他阶段,显示金额硫酸气体并不是特别受二氧化碳而增加. 这个结果表明在未来二氧化硫仍可有效减少一些变暖与更高的二氧化碳水平.

[ 本帖最后由 zglloo 于 2007-9-11 17:36 编辑 ]

zglloo

即兴翻译 有错误的 见谅  测试翻译

昂宿星团人

都挑了一半错了才看到2楼。。。
发泄一下

p1 翻译正文第一行末：
  这意味着数额硫酸盐在大气中的含量有关,
   似乎应是“硫酸盐的数额”。

同一行前边：
  二氧化硫( 2 )所排放的化石燃料燃烧和反应,可与其他分子(哦或过氧化氢)
    1.原文上是“SO2”哦～
    2.“哦”是什么物质？

同一行中间：
  以何种形式被称为硫酸盐气溶胶(颗粒悬浮在空气)
   建议改为：。。。"在空气中"

下一行：
  所以2排放,但也有上述的其他分子,有多少云滴在空中等.
   这段好像跟周围的话没啥关系。。。

下一行 第三个逗号后：
  我们可以找出如何总额硫酸气氛,
   查字典了，这里的“气氛”应译为“大气”
   个人感觉“total”译为“xxx的总额”比较好

fwjmath

看起来很“机械”~~~还是重新翻的为好~~~起码我是怎么读都读不通~~~

zglloo

修正  
同时感谢 昂宿星团人 的指正
   有些红色地方 我也询问了其他人但是还是拿不准  希望指正！

[ 本帖最后由 zglloo 于 2007-9-11 17:28 编辑 ]

fwjmath

昨晚上翻了一把~~~供参考~~~

For an introduction to the 5 phase experiment, click here.
关于第五阶段试验的介绍，请点击这里{url}。

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is emitted by fossil fuel combustion and can react with other molecules (OH or hydrogen peroxide), particularly in clouds, to form what is known as sulphate aerosol (particles suspended in the air). This means that the amount of sulphate in the atmosphere is related to the amount of SO2 emissions, but also to the availability of these other molecules, the number of cloud droplets in the air etc.
在化石燃料的燃烧中，常常伴有二氧化硫（SO2）的排放。它在云层中可以与其它分子（例如 OH 或者过氧化氢）反应，形成所谓的含硫酸气溶胶（即悬浮在空中的微粒）。这样就意味着大气层中的硫酸化合物的浓度与二氧化硫的排放有关，当然与之相关的还有能与其发生反应的分子的浓度和云滴的数目有关。

Since in this experiment we use a model has an interactive sulphur cycle, we can identify how the total amount of sulphate in the atmosphere is affected by changing emissions of sulphur dioxide and/or the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. In the sulphur cycle experiment we double CO2 (phase 3 - top map), change SO2 emissions to those expected for 2050 (phase 4 - middle map) and do a combined experiment of doubled CO2 and 2050 SO2 emissions together (phase 5 - bottom map) to identify the effects of a warmer atmosphere on future sulphate concentrations in the atmosphere.
因为在这个试验中我们所使用的模型带有一个包含相互作用的硫循环，通过改变二氧化硫的排放量和二氧化碳的浓度，我们可以识别出大气中的硫酸化合物浓度是怎么随这两个因素改变而改变的。在硫循环试验中我们尝试了假设二氧化碳浓度增加一倍（第三阶段 - 图(a)）、假设二氧化硫的排放量为 2050 年的预计排放量（第四阶段 - 图(b)）和两个假设同时施行（第五阶段 - 图(b)）的试验，这样我们就可以推测未来较暖的气候会对大气中硫酸化合物的浓度造成怎么样的影响。

Maps (a), (b) and (c) show the total amount of sulphate in the whole depth of the atmosphere (the 'column mean') (in mg m-2) for the doubled CO2 phase (phase 3), the 2050 emissions phase (phase 4) and for the combined 2050 sulphate emissions and doubled CO2 phase (phase 5), averaged over the last 8 years of each phase. The emissions used follow the IPCC A2 scenario (which is the same as 'world 3' in the simplified discussion here) which suggests a very heterogeneous development of the world in to the future, which assumes self reliance and preservation of local identities i.e. a business as usual scenario where developing countries are allowed to develop and developed countries slowly reduce emissions of SO2 with no spread of technologies (see here). The A2 scenario was used as it provides one of the highest sulphur emissions scenarios available.
图 (a),(b),(c) 展示了在加倍二氧化碳浓度（第三阶段）、预计 2050 二氧化硫排放量（第四阶段）和两者结合（第五阶段）的条件下，在各个阶段模拟时间的最后八年中大气层硫酸化合物的平均浓度（图示见图底部色条，单位为mg/m2）。预计的二氧化硫排放量是根据 IPCC A2 展望预测（与这里{url}讨论的“世界3”一致），也就是认为每个地区都自力更生而且保持当地经济的特点，比如说某种特定的行业。按照惯例，在这个展望预测中我们也认为发展中国家会继续发展，而发达国家会逐渐降低二氧化硫的排放，这其中没有任何新技术的广泛推广起作用（参见这里{url}）。我们使用 A2 展望预测是因为它是那些能提供最高的二氧化硫排放量的预测之一。

The first interesting point to look at is in comparing (a) and (b). You can see, that when 2050 SO2 emissions are used instead of present day emissions, the amount of sulphate over the USA and Western Europe is expected to be lower. Emissions of SO2 are expected to decrease in these regions and the figures reflect that.
第一个有趣之处就是当我们对比图 (a) 和 (b) 的时候，我们发现当我们使用 2050 年的二氧化硫排放预测值来代替现在的数值的时候，美国和欧洲西部的硫酸化合物浓度的确如想象中降低了。这是由于我们预计在这些地区二氧化硫的排放会逐渐降低，而图上也反映了这一点。

Emissions increase in the sub-continent and southeast Asia in response to technological development and cause the total amount of sulphate to increase in these regions (and throughout the sub-tropics see fig (b)). There are also increases in the amount of sulphate over South America and Africa, again associated with technological development and increased emissions there. Sulphate particles scatter solar radiation back to space and so reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. Also, as sulphate is highly soluble in water, it makes clouds more reflective, again reducing the the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Both these mechanisms mean that sulphate has a cooling effect. When CO2 is doubled along with the increases in SO2 emissions (phase 5) there is little change in the total amount of sulphate compared to the other phases, indicating that the amount of sulphate the atmosphere is not particularly affected by CO2 increases. This result suggests that in the future, sulphate may still be efficient at reducing some of the warming associated with higher CO2 levels.
在欧亚次大陆和东南亚，技术的发展令大气中硫酸化合物的浓度升高（这也导致了整个亚热带地区的浓度上升，参见图(b)）。在南美洲和非洲也发现了同样的情况。硫酸化合物微粒将部分太阳辐射散射回太空中，这就导致了到达地面的太阳辐射总量的减少。同样地，由于硫酸化合物易溶于水，它会令云层的反射率更高，这也会使到达地面的太阳辐射总量减少。这两种效应都意味着硫酸化合物有使气候变凉的效应。在二氧化硫排放上升同时二氧化碳加倍时（第五阶段），硫酸化合物的浓度与其它情况相差不远，这说明硫酸化合物的浓度不怎么受二氧化碳浓度上升的影响。这就说明了在未来的一段时间内，硫酸化合物仍能有效减轻一小部分由更高浓度的二氧化碳引起的全球变暖效应。

scenarios不清楚准确译文，我这里翻译成展望预测，如果有谁曾经或者能给出一个更好的翻译的话那就更好了~~~
sulphate本来是硫酸盐~~~但是我好像在哪里看过大气中也是有硫酸的而且我觉得空中似乎没有可能有金属离子~~~所以硫酸盐应该不够准确~~~但是我又不知道空中的硫酸根能不能独立存在所以我就没译成硫酸根~~~译成了硫酸化合物~~~待考~~~欢迎建议~~~

zglloo

sulphate的解释 来自台湾意译
http://tw-dclub.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=604
含硫酸烟雾   硫酸性气体  
我觉得硫酸化合物也挺合理的！